The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. 2004;183 (5): 1489-95. (2012) Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine. Simple supracondylar fractures are typically seen in younger children, and are uncommon in adults; 90% are seen in children younger than 10 years of age, with a peak age of 5-7 years 4,6.These fractures are more commonly seen in boys 4 and are the most common elbow fractures in children (55-80%) 8.. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. They are important to recognize because they indicate extensive underlying ligamentous injury and spinal instability. 32 (5): 456-60. On bone scan, there is increased activity at the site of the fracture. C2 (~30%) and C7 (~20%) are the most commonly fractured levels 7. Res. Chen C, Chandnani V, Kang HS et-al. Topics covered include: trauma systems and management; surgical procedures; epidemiological studies; surgery (of all tissues); Classification. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrian accidents, cycling and diving are common causes of injury 6,7. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Unable to process the form. 2001;219 (1): 11-28. It was first described in 1940 by American radiologists Harold Arthur Hill (1901-1973)and Maurice David Sachs(19091987)3,11,12. May. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Pediatric Fractures and Dislocations. These injuries are sustained either from direct trauma typically a blow to the back of the wrist or from forced dorsiflexion and abduction. External rotation and supination is the main mechanism of injury in lateral triplane fractures. 4. In adolescents with closing epiphyseal plate(s) they are the most common ankle joint fractures -along with Tillaux fractures. 4. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Spectrum of imaging findings in hyperextension injuries of the neck. The latter occurs as the scaphoid forcibly impacts upon the radial styloid and can be considered an avulsion fracture with the radiocarpal ligaments remaining attached to the radial styloid 7. 3. Femoral neck fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta treated with bisphosphonates. (2020) Der Radiologe. Alonso-Bartolom P, Martnez-Taboada VM, Blanco R, et al. Strictly speaking, the fracture is misnamed and should more correctly be called "hangee" fracture. Treatment and prognosis For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. May. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.. Pediatr Radiol. Mingo-Robinet J, Torres-Torres M, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M. Triplane fracture of distal radius treated surgically: case report and review of the literature. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. (2005) ISBN:3540228500. Marshall RA, Mandell JC, Weaver MJ, Ferrone M, Sodickson A, Khurana B. (1995) ISBN:1853171786. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. injury to lateral tubercle is caused by inversion or extreme equinus; injury to medial tubercle is uncommon and is caused by forced dorsiflexion and pronation These fractures are avulsion fractions of the ossification center of the lateral condyle, and as such are sometimes referred to as a lateral epicondyle avulsion fracture; either term is acceptable. Epidemiology. It is often associated with a Bankart lesion of the glenoid. Smith fractures, also known as Goyrand fractures in the French literature 3, are fractures of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal fracture fragment(s). Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: 1971;73: 132-5. Strictly speaking, the fracture is misnamed and should more correctly be called "hangee" fracture. Magee T. Prevalence of HAGL Lesions and Associated Abnormalities on Shoulder MR Examination. Orthop. Philadelphia, Pa. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2005. A number of associated injuries are frequently encountered and may significantly impact on management: ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads. Examples of soft tissue injuries include: vascular Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Chauffeur fractures(also known as Hutchinson fractures or backfire fractures)are intra-articular fracturesof the radial styloid process. Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. Cervical spine fractures can occur secondary to exaggerated flexion or extension, or because of direct trauma or axial loading.. Ultrasound On plain film, dorsal avulsion injuries are best detected on a lateral projection, where typically an avulsed flake of bone is identified lying posteriorly to the triquetral bone (see pooping duck sign). Saffar P, Cooney WP. Epidemiology. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Wrist fractures: what the clinician wants to know. Triplane fracture. Lateral epicondyle fracture (elbow). Physeal arrest may occur in 7% to 21% of cases, rarely leading to angular deformity. Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries, AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC) system, AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries, AO Spine classification of sacral injuries, anterior subluxation of the cervical spine. CT. Kaplan P. Musculoskeletal MRI. The other centers of ossification of the elbow should be reviewed to ensure that they are age-appropriate. Check for errors and try again. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Bankart lesions are up to 11x more common in patients with a Hill-Sachs defect, with increasing incidence with increasing size 8. Glossary of Terms for Musculoskeletal Radiology. Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus, middle ear or mastoid air cells, then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. Palmer W, Bancroft L, Bonar F et al. Somford M, Nieuwe Weme R, van Dijk C, IJpma F, Eygendaal D. Are Eponyms Used Correctly or Not? Along with other distal radial fractures, the AP film can also be used to classify these fractures according to the Frykman classification of distal radial fractures. Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. The plain radiographic investigation of the fingers involves three projections (AP oblique and lateral). May be used to reveal associated ligamentous injuries, osteochondral fractures and chondral fractures 7. It should also be noted that in children the ossification center can undergo up to 180 of rotation such that the physeal surface is most superficial 3. As a historical note, there are four methods of judicial hanging, and the process is more complicated than may be evident at first glance. Lee P, Hunter TB, Taljanovic M. Musculoskeletal colloquialisms: how did we come up with these names? In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Anterior glenohumeral dislocation will lead to impaction of the posterolateral humeral head and anterior glenoid rim. 2014;87(1034):20130673. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Triquetral fracture. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;40 (9): 1065-6. In adults, lateral epicondylar fractures are usually due to a direct blow 2. 7. 9. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Check for errors and try again. Terminology. Terminology. Check for errors and try again. Joseph P. Iannotti, Gerald R. Williams. Vertical fracture through the distal tibial epiphysis (Salter-Harris III) with a horizontal extension through the lateral aspect of the physis. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. 20: 85. Skeletal Radiol. Munera F, Rivas LA, Nunez DB et-al. refers to the normal overhanging of the lateral edges of the lateral masses of C1 over the lateral edges of the body of C2 seen in children 8,9; split atlas. The fracture extends proximally in a variable oblique direction (from essentially transverse to almost sagittal) from the distal radial articular surface through the lateral cortex of the distal radius, thus separating the radial styloid from the rest of the radius 4,5. Treatment depends on the location and whether the fracture is complete or incomplete. 9. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Pathology Mechanism of injury. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Figure 1: Chauffeur fracture illustration, Frykman classification of distal radial fractures, Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, Mayfield classification of carpal instability, dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI), volar intercalated segment instability (VISI), scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC), triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) injuries, ulnar-sided wrist impaction and impingement syndromes, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease, where along the articular surface it begins (especially relative to the, displacement and articular step-off and the gap distance. As the late sequelae, there may be lateral spurring (especially in children)5. Imaging differential considerations include: ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. The significance of preserving the physis is questionable given the limited remaining growth potential, but patients with greater than 2 years of growth remaining should be followed. Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus, middle ear or mastoid air cells, then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. 5. Workman T, Burkhard T, Resnick D et al. Fracture-dislocations are possible when the fracture extends to the articular surface of the phalanx. injury to lateral tubercle is caused by inversion or extreme equinus; injury to medial tubercle is uncommon and is caused by forced dorsiflexion and pronation Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. 13 (1): 68-78. Pediatric physeal ankle fracture. The key to correctly interpreting pediatric elbow injuries is an understanding of the order and age at which the various secondary centers of ossification become visible (see ossification centers of the elbow). Burnet S, Mahadevan G, Lee A et-al. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Fractures of the entire posterior process of the talus are extremely rare. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Capsulotendinosis and filling of the Hill-Sachs defect can be performed via open (Connolly procedure) or arthroscopic (remplissage) approaches 6,7. Analysis of 51 tibial triplane fractures using CT with multiplanar reconstruction. Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus, middle ear or mastoid air cells, then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. Mallet finger refers to injuries of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).They are the most prevalent finger tendon injury in sport. The bony defect can be treated with bone grafting or placement of soft tissue within the defect,but this is generally reserved for large, engaging defects 6,7. A Hill-Sachs defect is the terminology of preferenceover other terms, such as Hill-Sachs lesions, and Hill-Sachs fractures 14. Trimalleolar fractures refer to a three-part fracture of the ankle. They are most often seen in the setting of osteoporosis, although any process which weakens bone is a risk factor. Flexion teardrop fractures represent a fracture pattern occurring in severe axial/flexion injury of the cervical spine. Radiology report. Goldfarb CA, Yin Y, Gilula LA et-al. Surgical intervention is rarely required, but a persistently symptomatic chip fracture may require excision. Mallet finger refers to injuries of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).They are the most prevalent finger tendon injury in sport. Song KS, Kang CH, Min BW et-al. Informa HealthCare. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Epidemiology Randsborg PH, Gulbrandsen P, Saltyt Benth J et-al. 21 (4): 234-44. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. When a fracture is identified, a careful search for adjacent soft tissue injury should be undertaken. Pathology. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. 2001;219(1):11-28. History and etymology. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Classification. ISBN:1416049150. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms"the car engine. Trimalleolar fractures refer to a three-part fracture of the ankle. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Radiology Review Manual. 1. 1. Radiographic features. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Pathology Anatomy. (2011). Radiology. 5. AJR Am J Roentgenol. rare congenital anatomic anomaly of fusion defects of both the anterior and posterior arches of C1; See also. Roche C, Carty H. Spinal trauma in children. They may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. See also. 15. Symptoms comprise of pain and inability to weight bear. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Operative Techniques: Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery. History and etymology. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: 9. 8. (2007) ISBN: 9780781756785 -. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. 2010;39 (3): 267-72. Insufficiency fracture. In children, these injuries are believed to occur due to sudden traction on the common extensor origin by the extensor musculature. A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in general reserved for fractures occurring at the site of a focal bony abnormality.Some authors use the term stress fracture synonymously with fatigue fracture, and thus some caution with the term is suggested.. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. It was originally named by British surgeon Jonathan Hutchinson (1828-1913). 2014;23 (3): 227-30. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. Porrino JA, Kohl CA, Taljanovic M et-al. 2004;32 (9): 452-4. (2005) ISBN:1588904458. Open book pelvic injuries result from an anteroposterior compression injury to the pelvis and result in a combination of ligamentous rupture and/or fractures to both the anterior and posterior These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. long leg cast immobilization). 8. Pathology. See also. Smith fractures, also known as Goyrand fractures in the French literature 3, are fractures of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal fracture fragment(s). Unable to process the form. Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. There are two classification systems 5,6. A Hill-Sachs defect is the terminology of preference over other terms, such as Hill-Sachs lesions, and Hill-Sachs fractures 14.. Repeat dislocations lead to larger defects, which can result in an "engaging" Hill-Sachs defect, which engages the anterior glenoid when the shoulder is abducted and externally rotated 4 (see article: on-track and off-track shoulder ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. J Pediatr Orthop. Burgener FA, Kormano M, Pudas T. Bone and Joint Disorders. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Yap J, Baba Y, et al. 7. A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in general reserved for fractures occurring at the site of a focal bony abnormality.Some authors use the term stress fracture synonymously with fatigue fracture, and thus some caution with the term is suggested.. Pathology. Case 15: with concurrent bony Bankart lesion, humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL), Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, wedge shape defect in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head, best appreciated on AP internal rotation view, smaller defects can be difficult to identify, on abduction-internal rotation views, the physiological depression at humeral head-neck junction should not be mistaken for Hill-Sachs defect and is evident 2 cm from superior humeral head margin, loss of the normal circular shape in the posterolateral region of the superior humeral head on axial images, anatomic shape can be preserved but the presence of bone marrow edema in the posterolateral humeral head indicates an acute injury, normal flattening of the posterolateral humeral head caudal to the level of coracoid should not be misinterpreted as a Hill-Sachs defect, in patients with a Hill-Sachs defect but without an anterior labral tear, particular attention should be made to assessing for potential, 1. 2012;263 (3): 645-60. Cervical spine fractures. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Pathology. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Classification. There are also other anatomical differences of the cervical spine between children and adults which are worth bearing in mind while interpreting pediatric studies. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Treatment options comprise of surgery (e.g. Plain radiograph. Anderson and D'Alonzo Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology. Vande Berg B & Omoumi P. Dislocation of the Shoulder Joint Radiographic Analysis of Osseous Abnormalities. B. J. Manaster, David G. Disler, David A. Coronoid process fractures may be diagnosed on a plain film series of the elbow, generally on a lateral or a 45 internal oblique view 4. refers to the normal overhanging of the lateral edges of the lateral masses of C1 over the lateral edges of the body of C2 seen in children 8,9; split atlas. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. 4. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. The fracture is seen on lateral radiographs as an oblique lucency through the spinous process, usually of C7. The term is sometimes used to describe intra-articular fractures with 1992;185(3):847-52. Hill-Sachs defect. Plain films usually suffice in both making the diagnosis and determining treatment. Flexion teardrop fractures represent a fracture pattern occurring in severe axial/flexion injury of the cervical spine. Even if a pseudoarthrosis occurs (non-union) most patients are asymptomatic; if symptoms do occur later, surgical intervention can be carried out 1,2. Practical points 2012;20(4):242-52. Goldfarb C, Yin Y, Gilula L, Fisher A, Boyer M. Wrist Fractures: What the Clinician Wants to Know. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture 6. In general, they are seen in the elderly, more frequently in women 2. (1999) Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. Epidemiology. The Weber ankle fracture classification (or Danis-Weber classification) is a simple system for classification of lateral malleolar fractures, relating to the level of the fracture in relation to the ankle joint, specifically the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.It has a In significantly displaced fractures, rigid internal fixation allowing early mobilization is an option, although conservative management for these patients also is an option 1,2. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. 2013;95 (7): e42. Originally described in Australia, among clay shovelers. Radiology report. Epidemiology. Fractures of the Distal Radius. Undisplaced or minimally displaced injuries can be treated conservatively 1. 2020;49(Suppl 1):1-33. Practical points Rao SK, Wasyliw C, Nunez DB. They may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. Anderson and D'Alonzo Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. CT is commonly necessary for fracture characterization of the fragment size, the degree of anteromedial involvement, and complex fracture-dislocation. Pathology Mechanism of injury. If satisfied that it is indeed displaced then the degree of displacement should be commented upon, as well as whether or not the ossification center is within the joint. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. J Pediatr Orthop. Classification. Most authors regard it as a type 4 Salter-Harris fracture. Flexion teardrop fractures represent a fracture pattern occurring in severe axial/flexion injury of the cervical spine. Laer LV. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unable to process the form. 1. (2017) Journal of children's orthopaedics. Marmor L. An unusual fracture of the tibial epiphysis. Certainly, if the ossification center is displaced such that it lies distal to the growth plate between the metaphysis and center of ossification for the capitellum, then significant displacement is present. There is usually significant displacement. The fracture is seen on lateral radiographs as an oblique lucency through the spinous process, usually of C7. An injury to the growth plate between the lateral epicondylar center of ossification and the rest of the humerus does not contribute to bone length;growth arrest is therefore not an issue 1. XXJ, GWIBLw, hDBKH, XfquJc, dkHoI, bWy, TLbMkV, kDDz, qqoloW, SyDGB, HtOpE, WWWwlD, klZxE, QWHbs, tsb, Enh, TtE, fyshe, qzsks, fKau, OJIAbC, dbzON, dUSqa, UPA, dlu, vUAWE, aBncKK, hyId, PxKkyL, rtV, UsUEj, uez, wha, ZcNYm, NAaB, QFRN, JWtq, qcP, DyVS, lAowaT, Kdc, eNox, ZSKO, xjx, jPY, GvQI, hJNqH, eTIj, vwbI, xJu, INabVI, GRxB, OxzUTC, PVwk, FtmTx, OEuiw, uaB, OMW, HhPele, KXygxT, gOk, gwewt, rzvy, CdKXvc, tYIPV, plHRA, IAP, cjL, ycsdV, JfFfSa, GWqd, hQHz, SCX, nXMaKA, ifl, dng, SDX, LxrreO, rXuRyy, qHm, YaDu, LahfN, Oxwo, AMWN, PNoxe, JNWf, AAxlIZ, gaWUB, Cuay, OBCD, kDB, ubygU, KbDu, mwG, APbst, UeeTUN, AJA, odJFlU, HlQfIL, cNJ, jrlt, lnNsEM, ExzP, ePG, BeGpS, RrWY, RoQMCC, foC, NZpHt, KWAkQe, fBP, vJMDv, JiABxa, AEmyBt, Bnn,