There are "kings" and "princes" that rule the Vice Lords. This has led to law enforcement officials requesting that their personal information be removed so that it can't be used by gang members to identify home addresses of police officers. ALGOOD, Tenn. (WTVF) A man affiliated with the "Vice Lords" criminal gang was arrested Monday in Algood after leading police on a chase in a stolen vehicle. [2] In the 1990s, the Suicidals subset of the Sons of Samoa sold drugs in alleyways. Factions of the gang are being established throughout the Midwestern United States. The operation involved the Los Angeles High- Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Task Force, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the IRS, and the Los Angeles County Probation Department. They forced Jewish women into prostitution,[7][pageneeded] and were generally considered a scourge within their own community. Marshals Service, carried out raids at 75 locations in southern California. [23] After months of investigation, at least 37 alleged gang members were arrested during the raids conducted. [3][4], Three SOS members were arrested on March 16, 2021, for the February 9 fatal shooting of a man during late hours on the street near a church in San Jose, California. It was established in Mexico during the late 1980s as one of a various number of subordinate plazas" "Forgetting sixth commandment: Jewish gangsters were once known in organized crime circles as the 'Kosher Nostra'", Organized Crime, USA: Changing Perceptions from Prohibition to the Present Day, Anti-Americanism: Historical perspectives, "Jews You Can Use: The so-called glamour of the Jewish mob", "Free-wheeling U.S. spirit stoked gangsters, prof says", "The Second Generation from the Last Great Wave of Immigration: Setting the Record Straight", "WAXEY GORDON SAYS HE PAID INCOME TAX; Racketeer Is Nervous in Court as He Pleads Not Guilty Says 'Sir' to Police. Other Jewish mobsters, including Dutch Schultz of New York City,[22][pageneeded] Moe Dalitz of Michigan, Kid Cann of Minneapolis, Charles "King" Solomon of Boston and Abner "Longy" Zwillman (the "Al Capone of New Jersey") became wealthy during prohibition. The early 1990s proved to be detrimental to the Vietnamese collective following the arrest and prosecution of most of their New York-based operatives by the fall of 1992. On January 13, 2019, two people were shot and wounded outside the Fashion Place Mall in Salt Lake City, Utah, after an argument erupted between Florencia 13 and Norteos members. Public Enemy No. Their role was also significant in New York's burgeoning labor movement, especially the garment and trucking unions, as well as the poultry industry. [20], In April 2010, federal and local law enforcement agencies concluded what was considered the most significant effort to dismantle the Central Coast leadership structure of Nuestra Familia. The founders of Long Beach Asian Boyz were originally Cambodian refugees who were being harassed by the East Side Longos during the 1980s. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. Two male Florencia members, aged 19 and 20, were arrested for involvement in the incident. This brought much-unwanted attention to the Black Disciples The rabbit head with straight ears is used by the Simon City Royals and Vice Lords. [11], Members of Nuestra Familia are known to wear red bandanas ("red rags") to identify themselves. The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT) is an American white supremacist and Neo-Nazi prison and street gang. The papers of detective Abraham Shoenfeld who infiltrated and documented Jewish crime rings, prostitution houses and gambling establishments on Manhattan's Lower East Side from 1912 to 1917: This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 04:13. The helicopter pilot was shot and lost control of his aircraft, killing two. Soviet Jewish organized crime figures from other nations, such as Budapest-based Semion Mogilevich, have also attempted to penetrate the United States, including participating in a US$10billion money-laundering operation through the Bank of New York in 1998. "[23][pageneeded]. [10], Although never receiving close to the level of cultural attention of the Italian-American Mafia, from the late 1960s, Jewish-American gangsters would figure as characters in Jewish American literature. Angelo 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. "[3][pageneeded] According to Rich Cohen, Rothstein was the person to see during prohibition (19201933) if one had an idea for a tremendous business opportunity, legal or not. [4][pageneeded], According to crime writer Leo Katcher, Rothstein "transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top. Jewish mobsters, such as Meyer Lansky and the Los Angeles-based Mickey Cohen, along with Harold "Hooky" Rothman, continued to hold significant power and control organized crime groups in New York City, New Jersey, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, and Las Vegas, while the Jewish-American presence remained strong in Italian-American criminal rackets. The trial further found that the gang was controlled by the Mexican Mafia prison gang. Controversy lies mostly around the official origin of the gang, as it was a unification of The stereotypical attire of the American mobster portrayed in movies can partially trace its roots directly to Rothstein. [26] The Syndicate's reign, in Northern Kentucky, came to an end following a botched attempt to discredit George Ratterman, a candidate for sheriff and a federal crackdown during the Kennedy Administration. While the Mexican Mafia had initially been created to protect Mexicans in prison, there was a perceived level of abuse by members of La eMe towards the imprisoned chicanos from rural farming areas of Northern California. [12] However, Cohen's description of Jewish gangsters ignores their criminality and immorality. [1], In 2015, an investigation led to new charges and the arrest of a Sons of Samoa member for a murder in 1996. The Nazi Lowriders (or NLR, or The Ride) are a Neo-Nazi, White supremacist organized crime syndicate, and prison and street gang based primarily in metro Los Angeles and several areas around Texas.They also are believed to have spread to other states, having small rural and suburban factions. Zachary Austin Shockley has been Almighty Vice Lord Sets. Murder, Inc.: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Mafia and an Ill-Fated Prizefighter, "Gangster Generation: Crime, Jews and the Problem of Assimilation", Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, New Voices: Left Off the Ark A Bestiary of Gangs, Farbrekhers in America: The Americanization of Jewish Blue-Collar Crime, 19001931, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish-American_organized_crime&oldid=1125092471, Articles containing Middle High German (ca. The inmates who formed the Nuestra Familia gang banded together to protect themselves from the Mexican Mafia, but then grew to be involved in drug dealing, extortion and robbery.[17]. Two of the defendants face the death penalty for ordering murders related to the drug trade. Jewish-American organized crime was a reflection of the ethnic succession among gangsters, which has tended to follow the immigrant waves in the United States: English, German, Irish, Jewish, Italian, Asian and Latino. 4 days ago. The New Orleans crime family was an Italian-American Mafia crime family based in the city of New Orleans.The family had a history of criminal activity dating back to the late nineteenth century. The gunmen then pulled out machine guns and gunned them all down. Sons of Samoa is a Crips-affiliated street gang based in Long Beach, California, United States. 1 gang emerged from the hardcore punk scene in Long Beach, California during the 1980s. Birns was active until 1975 when he was murdered by Irish gangster Danny Greene. [21] Other symbols include use of the number 14 or XIV, as the letter "N" is the 14th letter of the English alphabet. [20] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had complained that keeping the five remaining gang leaders located in the same prison only continued to add to California gang violence, and that they should be scattered throughout different prisons. [13] As of 2009, 94 of the 102 had been convicted or pleaded guilty, 3 had pending trials, 2 had died and 5 were fugitives from justice. [7], The Public Enemy No. A large wave of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries produced Jewish mobsters such as Max "Kid Twist" Zwerbach, "Big" Jack Zelig, and Vach "Cyclone Louie" Lewis, who competed with and were acknowledged by Italian and Irish gangs. Enjoy the latest tourism news from Miami.com including updates on local restaurants, popular bars and clubs, hotels, and things to do in Miami and South Florida. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. The gang's main rivals are Comando Vermelho and Terceiro Comando Puro. The gang's main rivals are Comando Vermelho and Terceiro Comando Puro.ADA controls many drug selling points in the [8] Court testimony and the judges ruling found that F13 members had targeted African-Americans based purely on race. [39], The code of silence among Soviet Jewish migrs into New York City's Brighton Beach and other neighborhoods like it nationwide under the Jackson-Vanik Amendment have shielded new Jewish-American gangsters, such as Marat Balagula, Boris Nayfeld, Monya Elson, and Ludwig Fainberg. The shield is used by the Simon City Royals, Latin Counts, and 2-2 Boys. It was among the deadliest acts of violence in modern Kansas history. The first Asian Boyz gang was formed in Long Beach, California in the late 1980s, drawing members from immigrant communities from Southeast Asia. [5][6] In 2004, the California Department of Justice described PEN1 as "one of the most powerful and fastest-growing gangs inside and outside prison",[4] and reported it had about 200 members statewide. 1", "South Central Roleplay: Public Enemy No.1", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Enemy_No._1_(gang)&oldid=1125874924, Organizations based in Orange County, California, White-supremacist organized crime groups in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Drug trafficking, murder, assault, auto theft, burglary and property crime, The gang is featured in the TV documentary series, On the San Andreas Multi-Player modification for, This page was last edited on 6 December 2022, at 09:42. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. Jewish-American gangsters used Israel's Law of Return to flee criminal charges or face deportation. The victim was not known to have had any connection with the suspects. The Sinaloa Cartel (Spanish: Crtel de Sinaloa), also known as the CDS, the Guzmn-Loera Organization, the Pacific Cartel, the Federation and the Blood Alliance, is a large, international organized crime syndicate that specializes in illegal drug trafficking and money laundering. The gang's main activities include identity theft, credit card fraud, and methamphetamine sales. The Trinitarios were established in 1993 on Rikers Island, the New York City jail, by two Dominicans facing separate murder chargesLeonides "Junito" Sierra and Julio "Caballo" Marine. [9] Another founding member, Devlin "Gazoo" Stringfellow, was stabbed to death by two other inmates at California State Prison, Sacramento on January 10, 2018. Other Jewish organized crime figures involved in controlling labor unions include Moses Annenberg and Arnold Rothstein, the latter reportedly responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Rothstein "understood the truths of early 20th century capitalism (hypocrisy, exclusion, greed) and came to dominate them". The Sons of Samoa gang is a faction of the Crips gang based in west Long Beach, California. [28][pageneeded] Buchalter would also lead the predominantly Jewish Murder, Inc. as the Luciano-Meyer syndicate's exclusive hitmen. The heart is used by the Gangster Disciples and Maniac Latin Disciples. This event put into motion the longest-running gang war in the state of California. Charles was adopted by the Polizzi family and his adoptive brother, Alfred Polizzi, was the head of the Italian Mayfield Road Mob. [21] Women are not allowed to become full-fledged members of Nuestra Familia, but are sometimes used for communication and drug-running purposes as they are considered less likely to be noticed by law enforcement agents. [24], Criminal organization of Mexican American prison gangs in the US, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, "Prison Gangs (continued) - Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness", "Gangs are becoming a growing threat across Utah", "Bust of gang offers hope for Dodge City immigrants", "The Marietta Daily Journal - Ga Supreme Court upholds brothers murder convictions", "Authorities arrest 11 key gang members in east Hillsborough", "Special Issue: Gangs in the United States", "Federal indictments crack vast prison crime ring", "Gang raid targets Nuestra Familia in Salinas", Organized Crime in California Annual Report 2007-08, "New leadership, constitution for Nuestra Familia", "Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness", "Eight-month investigation yields 37 high-level arrests", "Nuestra Familia case: Details of biggest gang prosecution in Santa Clara County history", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuestra_Familia&oldid=1123284483, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Drug trafficking, extortion, robbery, homicide, This page was last edited on 22 November 2022, at 22:20. With the assassination of the gang leader Bem-Te-Vi in 2005 by police, there was a renewed wave of violence as gangs fought for control over favelas previously controlled by ADA. The family reached its height of influence under bosses Silvestro Carollo and Carlos Marcello.In the 1960s, due to Marcellos stubborn refusal of inducting new members into the family, they In the early 1920s, stimulated by the economic opportunities of the Roaring Twenties, and later the Prohibition, Jewish organized crime figures such as Arnold Rothstein were controlling a wide range of criminal enterprises, including bootlegging, loansharking, gambling, and bookmaking. [citation needed], Public Enemy No. [1], In 1985, the Sons of Samoa gang had about 200 members scattered throughout Long Beach, many of whom were Samoan immigrants or first-generation Samoans. [8] Additionally, PEN1 is involved in drug trafficking, murder, assault, auto theft, burglary and property crime. Its members invested in horse tracks including River Downs, Fair Grounds Race Course, Thistledown Racecourse, Fairmount Park Racetrack, Aurora Downs, and the Agua Caliente Racetrack. It was started up in 1998[1] when a member of Comando Vermelho was expelled from the organization for ordering the murder of another member. [1] In the late 1960s, Mexican-American inmates of the California state prison system began to separate into two rival groups, Nuestra Familia[14] and the 1957-formed Mexican Mafia, according to the locations of their hometowns (the north-south dividing line is Delano, California). HEARD TWO AIDES SHOT Tells of Noise in Jersey Hotel at Time of Murders Fails to Get $100,000 Bail", http://www.marlowcasinochips.com/links/genetrimble/illegaloftheday/JohnCroftKY.pdf, "Lakewood Rabbi Sentenced to 10 years in Prison for Divorce Kidnappings", "Rabbi Sentenced for Role in Divorce-Coercion Ring", "Murder Plot Sheds Light on Orthodox Divorce Underworld", "Rabbi and Orthodox Jewish Man Plotted to Kidnap and Murder Husband to Get Divorce for his Wife, Officials Say", "WikiLeaks: U.S. worried Israel becoming 'the promised land' for organized crime", "Israel struggles to keep a lid on crime", Bummy Davis vs. They were active in the 1980s in New York City's Chinatown. [14] Thirteen of the defendants pleaded guilty; the other cases are still ongoing. Designs commonly include the words "PENI", "PDS" or the numbers "737", and sometimes in the form of runes, such as "" (PENI) or "" (PDS), from Germanic runic alphabets. The only survivor, Frank "Tight Lips" Gusenberg, died hours later at a nearby All 1080p Micro 1080p Micro 720p Micro 2160p Xvid. [18], As the 20th century progressed, Jewish-American mobsters such as "Dopey" Benny Fein and Joe "The Greaser" Rosenzweig entered labor racketeering, hiring out to both businesses and labor unions as strong-arm men. Several Jewish gangsters such as Red Levine and Bo Weinberg were used in the war as unsuspected non-Italian hitmen. [failed verification]The organization itself derives its The gang made global headlines in October 2009 when a police helicopter crashed over Morro dos Macacos favela, which is a major Amigos dos Amigos stronghold. Numerous bootlegging gangs such as the Bug and Meyer Mob headed by Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel and Abe Bernstein's Purple Gang[21][pageneeded] would see the rise of Jewish-American organized crime to its height. The early 1990s proved to be detrimental to the Vietnamese collective following the arrest and prosecution of most of their New York-based operatives by the fall of 1992. [17] As American Jews improved their conditions, the Jewish thug and racketeer either disappeared or merged into a more assimilated American crime environment. Law enforcement authorities seized 40 pounds of cocaine, 14 pounds of marijuana, and dozens of firearms. Robert Yummy Sandifer joined the Black Disciples in 1994 at the age of 11 years old. It has been referred to variously in media and popular culture as the Jewish Mob, Jewish Mafia, Kosher Mob, Kosher Mafia, and Kosher Nostra or Undzer Shtik (Yiddish: ). [7] They are involved in drug smuggling, murder, assault and robbery. American Mafia; Founded: August 24, 1868; 154 years ago (): Founding location: Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and various other East Coast cities in the United States: Years active: Since the mid-19th century: Territory: Primarily in the Northeast, Midwestern cities, Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Florida, with smaller operations elsewhere in the U.S. According to the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas is one of the largest and most violent neo-Nazi white supremacist prison gangs and organized criminal enterprises in the United States, responsible for numerous [9] The conflict was triggered by the theft by East Coast Crips of a large amount of drugs from Florencia 13 members. Steffensmeier, Darrell J. and T. Ulmer (2005). Just as with their Italian counterparts, gangs specializing in extortion began operating in the heavily Jewish neighborhoods of New York's Lower East Side, most prominently the so-called Yiddish Black Hand headed by Jacob Levinsky, Charles "Charlie the Cripple" Litoffsky, and Joseph Toplinsky during the early 20th century. The suspects were alleged members of Florencia 13, and are facing murder and attempted murder charges.[12]. 319321, On the plaques above see the name Max Siegel, Siegel's father, whose, Edward J. Bristow, Prostitution & Prejudice, The Jewish Fight against White Slavery, 18701939, Schocken, 1983, "European antisemitism and Anti-Americanism", by. A pimp was known as a "simcha," a detective as a "shamus", and a loafer as a "trombenik. [16], Nuestra Familia was organized at Correctional Training Facility in Soledad, California in 1965. The involvement of a small percentage of recent immigrants in organized crime created a lasting stereotype of devious immigrants corrupting the morality of native-born Americans. A significant Jewish underworld already existed in New York at the start of the 20th century, with Jewish mobsters conversing in a jargon with Yiddish origins. Jewish-American gangsters were involved in many different criminal activities, including murder, racketeering, bootlegging, prostitution[7][pageneeded] and narcotics. [33] While some tried to draw a distinction between the actions of the "well-organized operation" described by prosecutors and traditional kidnapping cases coming before judges that involved murder, terrorism or child abduction, Judge Freda Wolfson said she didn't see any difference. [citation needed] Crime and population figures show that Jews in New York committed crimes at a rate far below the average for the wider society. Luciano did not discriminate against Jews and valued longtime associates such as Meyer Lansky and Benjamin 'Bugsy' Siegel. [8], Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "Appendix B. National-Level Street, Prison, and Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Profiles - Attorney General's Report to Congress on the Growth of Violent Street Gangs in Suburban Areas (UNCLASSIFIED)", As those killed at Tequila KC are laid to rest, the suspects possible gang connections, 12 Gangs That Are Keeping The FBI Awake At Night, "Fifth Gang Member Sentenced to Life Without Parole After Convictions in Massive Federal Racketeering Case", Gun Violence in the LAPD 77th Street Area, "Gang members charged in Utah mall shooting now charged with cemetery shooting", "As those killed at Tequila KC are laid to rest, the suspects' possible gang connections emerge", "Ten Defendants in Largest-Ever Federal Gang Case Found Guilty of Racketeering, Narcotics Charges", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florencia_13&oldid=1123098887, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 November 2022, at 20:48. [18] The spark that led to the ongoing war between Nuestra Familia and members of the Mexican Mafia involved a situation in 1965 in which a member of La eMe stole a pair of shoes from a Northerner at Deuel Vocational Institute in Tracy. The Bloods comprise various subgroups known as "sets", among which significant differences exist, such as colors, Another notorious gang, known as the Lenox Avenue Gang, led by Harry "Gyp the Blood" Horowitz, consisted of mostly Jewish members and some Italian members (such as Francesco Cirofisi). As late as the 1960s, Jewish presence in organized crime was still acknowledged as being of significance however. The two ethnic crime groups became especially close in New York City following the establishment of the close relationship between partners Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky and their subsequent elimination of many of the so-called "Mustache Pete" typesSicilian-born gangsters who often refused to work with non-Italians and even non-Sicilians. From the 1990s until 2013, members of the New York divorce coercion gang kidnapped and tortured Jewish men in troubled marriages to force them into granting religious divorces to their wives, in some cases extorting money from them. The initials stand for PENI Death Squad, another name for the group. The Almighty Black P. Stone Nation often abbreviated as (BPS, BPSN, Black Peace Stones, Black P. Stones, Stones, or Moes) is an American street gang founded in Chicago.The gang was originally formed in the late 1950s as the Blackstone Rangers.The organization was co-founded by Eugene Hairston and Jeff Fort.In later years, under Fort's leadership, an Islamic faction of the gang [24] Following Gordon's imprisonment, his operations were assumed by Nig Rosen and Max "Boo Hoo" Hoff. [3], On December 14, 2006, 57 members of Public Enemy No. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air Prime Minister Golda Meir set out to reverse this trend in 1970, when she denied entrance to Meyer Lansky. [1][8] By the 1990s, however, PEN1's base of operations was in Orange County where the gang began recruiting white suburban adolescents and became involved in methamphetamine trafficking, prostitution and identity theft. [40][pageneeded]. In 1978, the El Rukn (now Black P. Stones), Vice Lords and Latin Kings formed an alliance system of their own, and titled it the "People". At certain times, Florencia 13 leaders ordered killings of the East Coast Crip gang, according to Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca. [4][pageneeded] At the same time, the Jewish bootlegging mob known as The Purple Gang dominated the Detroit underworld during prohibition, while the Jewish Bugs and Meyer Mob operated in the Lower East Side of New York City before being absorbed into Murder, Inc. and becoming affiliates of the Italian-American Mafia. The Florencia 13, South Side Florencia 13 or Florence Gang is an American criminal street gang based in Los Angeles, California, composed mainly of Mexican-Americans.The gang is named after the Florence area of Los Angeles County, controlled by the Mexican Mafia. According to Cohen, Rothstein was the 'Moses of Jewish gangsters', a rich man's son, who showed the young and uneducated hoodlums of the Bowery how to have style. Documentary; Directed by ; Josh Alexander; A stirring new biographical documentary about the Rev. At the meeting's conclusion, "Bugsy" Siegel supposedly declared "The yids and the dagos will no longer fight each other. Jewish and Italian crime groups became increasingly interconnected in the 1920s and 1930s into the 1960s and beyond, as both groups often occupied the same neighborhoods and social statuses of the time. About Our Coalition. Its membership mainly consists of Samoan Americans with other Pacific island members. Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American (Chicano) prison gangs with origins in Northern California. While the recognized leaders of Nuestra Familia in Pelican Bay ask that members respect the former leaders, they have been effectively stripped of their authority. The Syndicate ran numerous casinos in Newport, Kentucky including the original Flamingo, and Tropicana. It was founded with the stated goals of promoting black power, maintaining dignity in prison, and overthrowing the United States government.The BGF's ideological and economic aims, Some law enforcement agents speculate that the Nuestra Familia gang, which operates in and out of prisons, influences much of the criminal activity of thousands of Norteo gang members in California. Two handguns, a shotgun, a rifle and small amounts of drugs were also seized. The Israeli mafia (especially the Tel Aviv-based Abergil crime family) has also been heavily involved in ecstasy trafficking to America. [16], The lure of quick money, power, and the romance of the criminal lifestyle was attractive to both second-generation Jewish and Italian immigrants. [10] [22] [23] [24] The gang was founded by Puerto Ricans in Chicago , Illinois in 1954. "[15] Jewish-American organized crime arose among "slum kids who as prepubescents stole from pushcarts, who as adolescents extorted money from store owners, who as young adults practiced schlamming" (wielding an iron pipe, wrapped in newspaper, against striking workers or against scabs) until as adults they joined well-organized gangs involved in a wide variety of criminal enterprises boosted by prohibition. At the time, Jewish gangs operated primarily in America's largest cities, including Cleveland, Detroit, Minneapolis, Newark, New York City, and Philadelphia. The largest of the federal investigations was Operation Black Widow. Sureos ([sue.os]; Spanish: Southerners), Southern United Raza, Sur 13 or Sureos X3 are groups of loosely affiliated gangs that pay tribute to the Mexican Mafia while in U.S. state and federal correctional facilities.Many Sureo gangs have rivalries with one another, and the only time this rivalry is set aside is when they enter the prison system. [14] At the time of Operation Black Widow, law enforcement officials had estimated that Nuestra Familia was responsible for at least 600 murders in the previous 30 years. Sons of Samoa is a Crips-affiliated street gang based in Long Beach, California, United States.Its membership mainly consists of Samoan Americans with other Pacific island members.. History. From 1921 to 1925, the family was headed by the six Genna brothers, known as the Terrible Gennas. yt. 360 Outsiders 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. When conflicts against Haitians arose, the pound would be sought out to retaliate; thus, the street gang name, "Zoe Pound", was born. " Organized crime was a complex set of relations between the recently arrived Jewish and Italian criminals and groups like the Irish-American organized crime networks, which had been established before the 1920s and which the newer groups were sometimes subordinate to. As described by sociologist Stephen Steinberg, less than a sixth of the city's felony arrests were Jews during the 1920s, when Jews constituted nearly a third of the city's population. [2], In the late 1980s, it was the focus of a Long Beach Police Department sweep after gang members had attacked two police officers. They were allies with fellow Italian Some law enforcement agents speculate that the Nuestra Familia Zoe Pound is a criminal street gang based in Miami, Florida founded by Haitian immigrants in the mid-1990s.. Etymology "Zoe'" is the anglicized variant of the word zo, Haitian Creole for "bone", as members were known to be "hard to the bone." Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American prison gangs with origins in Northern California. He's got guys like Lou Rhody and Dalitz, Doc Stacher, Gus Greenbaum, sharp fucking guys, good businessmen, and they know better than try to fuck us.[30][31]. [20] The remaining leadership of the organization in Pelican Bay consists of Daniel "Stork" Perez, Anthony "Chuco" Guillen and George "Puppet" Franco. [29][pageneeded]. Following World War II, the dominant figures in organized crime tended to be second-generation Italian-Americans and Jewish-Americans. Ethnic involvement in organized crime gave rise to alien conspiracy theories in the US law enforcement community, in which the conception of organized crime as an alien and united entity was vital. [1] Around the same time, they were in a gang war with a gang from Garden Grove. [34] Epstein was sentenced in 2015 to 10 years in prison,[34] and Wolmark was sentenced to more than 3 years in prison and a $50,000 fine. 1050-1500)-language text, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Articles containing West Frisian-language text, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Articles containing Yiddish-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, various criminal organizations in the U.S., in. As a result, Juggalos have been classified as a criminal street gang by government and law enforcement agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Gang Intelligence Center, [21], Federal law enforcement agencies, long unable to infiltrate Nuestra Familia, began to step up their investigations in the late 1990s. Described by prosecutors as a "criminal syndicate" that was "akin to the Bloods, the Crips, or the Mafia," the organization, which charged up to $100,000 for their 'services,' was shut down in the wake of a sting operation orchestrated by the FBI. The Genovese crime family, (pronounced [denoveze, -ese]) also sometimes referred to as the Westside, is an Italian-American Mafia crime family and one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City and New Jersey as part of the American Mafia.They have generally maintained a varying degree of influence over many of the smaller mob families [14] While members of the Norteos gang are considered to be foot soldiers of Nuestra Familia, being a member of Nuestra Familia itself does not signify association as a Norteo. [5], In the 1980s, the Sons of Samoa were heavily involved with the sale and use of cocaine and PCP, as well as robbery, burglary, and extortion. While on the West coast the Mexican Mafia and their alliances Barrio 18, la Mara Salvatrucha and the rest of other Sureos controls the prisons and los barrios of California and Southwestern Jewish-American organized crime derived from dislocation and poverty, where language and custom made the community vulnerable to undesirables, the sort of thing that it is claimed fosters criminality among any other ethnicity in a similar situation. For decades after, Jewish-American mobsters would continue to work closely and at times compete with Italian-American organized crime.[5]. [3][4], A 2011 report from the FBI listed Alaska, California, Missouri, Utah, and Washington as states where the Sons of Samoa operated. The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (ALKQN, ALKN, or LKN, also known as simply Latin Kings) is one of the largest Hispanic and Latino street and prison gangs worldwide. ADA are thought to wield significant social power in the communities they control, winning support through handouts, throwing parties, and providing some services, while their rivals, the Red Command, imposes itself more through violence. The Cleveland Syndicate members were early investors in the Desert Inn, in Las Vegas, and owned it until it was purchased by Howard Hughes. Black Diamond 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. Born to Kill, also known as BTK or Canal Boys, is the name of a New York City-based street gang composed of first-generation Vietnamese immigrants. [25] The Syndicate operated casinos in Youngstown, Northern Kentucky, and Florida. "[3][pageneeded] Rothstein was allegedly responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. The Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, DEA & ATF began targeting Florencia 13 gang members for their roles in racially motivated attacks on African-Americans. During prohibition Moe Dalitz established the Cleveland Syndicate with fellow Jewish gangsters Louis Rothkopf, Maurice Klein, Sam Tucker, Charles Polizzi, and Irish gangster Blackjack McGinty. [37], Several notable Jewish-American mobsters provided financial support for Israel through donations to Jewish organizations since the country's creation in 1948. [20] Cervantes' rise marked the first time in decades that the Norteos had a single leader at the helm of their criminal organization. Notables include Joseph "Doc" Stacher, who built up Las Vegas by pairing the Jewish and Italian Mafia into a national organized crime syndicate. Members of the organization are considered to have taken a "blood oath" to join the gang, and are considered lifelong participants. Spanish 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. Those Jewish gangsters hostile to the idea of cooperation with non-Jewish rivals gradually receded, most notably Philadelphia bootlegger Waxey Gordon, who was convicted and imprisoned for tax evasion based on evidence provided to United States Attorney Thomas E. Dewey by Lansky. [1], UNODC Report - Firearms and drugs fuel conflict in Brazil's favelas, Procurados - Faco A.D.A - Amigos dos Amigos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amigos_dos_Amigos&oldid=1045091142, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Murder, drug trafficking, extortion, prostitution, illegal gambling, human trafficking, kidnapping, This page was last edited on 18 September 2021, at 19:04. For some writers, Jewish gangsters and boxers in the post-World War II era were seen as tougher, more aggressive literary role models, freeing the community from the stigma of defenselessness and powerlessness, compared with the physical aggressiveness and lawlessness more associated with the Irish and Italian immigrants. The Sons of Samoa gang is a faction of the Crips gang based in west Long Beach, California.. The Florencia 13, South Side Florencia 13 or Florence Gang is an American criminal street gang based in Los Angeles, California, composed mainly of Mexican-Americans. The leadership vacuum resulted in a power struggle between prospective generals. The gang is named after the Florence area of Los Angeles County, controlled by the Mexican Mafia. On October 6, 2019, four men, ages 20s to 50s, were killed and five injured at KC Tequila, a Hispanic-themed bar and restaurant in Kansas City, Kansas. [21] Nuestra Familia members often use the image of a sombrero with a machete as their gang symbol. [11][12][13] According to Rich Cohen, author of Tough Jews: Fathers, Sons and Gangster Dreams: "If Jewish gangsters still thrived today, if they hadn't gone legit, if Jews of my generation didn't regard them as figments, creatures to be classed with Big Foot and the Loch Ness monster, I think the Jewish community would be better off". [6], Crips-affiliated gang from Long Beach, California, "The Gang's Not Here Any More: Santiago High Player Gave Up Street Life", "The Gangs of Long Beach: Signs Are Obvious: Graffiti, Poverty, Drugs, Turf Wars, Murders", "Trial ends with hung jury in 24-year-old murder case", "Trial in 1996 murder case begins 24 years after deadly gang shooting", "3 Suspects Arrested In Gang Slaying Of San Jose Resident Tong Nguyen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Samoa&oldid=1112739211, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 September 2022, at 21:05. But prosecutors allege Hoskins managed to live in Las Vegas and return to Chicago to oversee the Vice Lords, which had long warred with the Four Corner Hustlers over territory divided by Pulaski. 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. [11], Members often mark themselves with tattoos of different acronyms for the gang. Inspired by Marcus Garvey, the Black Guerilla Family (BGF) characterizes itself as an ideological African-American MarxistLeninist revolutionary organization composed of prisoners. In particular locations, "universal elites" run the particular sets within an area or city.While some of these areas might have Indianapolis gangs, like the Chicago affiliations of Gangster Disciples and Vice Lords, this map strictly showcases all of the hoods , greatest weakness medical school interview reddit. Barnone 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. Labor racketeering or "labor slugging" as it was known, would become a source of conflict as it came under the domination of several racketeers including former Five Points Gang members Nathan "Kid Dropper" Kaplan and Johnny Spanish during the Labor slugger wars until its eventual takeover by Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro in 1927. Jewish gangs controlled portions of the Lower East Side and Brownsville in New York City,[9] and were also present in other major American cities. The Cohen crime family of Los Angeles and Las Vegas was notably part of both the Jewish Mafia and Italian-American Mafia, and lines between the two ethnic criminal organizations often blurred throughout the 20th century. The People Nation was formed in reaction to the creation of the Folk Nation alliance of gangs. ", had expressed grave concern about the activities of Israeli organized crime figures, and was taking measures to prevent members of crime families from being issued visas to the United States. Between 2004 and 2017, ADA controlled Rocinha, the largest favela in Rio de Janeiro,[2] along with many other smaller favelas. [23], On June 11, 2013, Santa Clara County district attorney Jeff Rosen announced the indictment of 48 Nuestra Familia associates on 77 felony charges ranging from drug dealing to murder. On February 14, 1929, four unidentified men, two of them dressed as Chicago police officers, entered a North Side Street garage and ordered six members of the North Side Gang and a friend of a gang member to stand against a wall. In disturbing numbers, young Jews had joined crime "rackets," it was said, along with children of Irish, Italian and other immigrants. 1 is heavily involved in identity theft, which is not a crime often associated with street gangs; most of the income from this is allegedly used to finance methamphetamine sale and other operations. [citation needed], In 2010, it was reported by Wikileaks that the United States Embassy in Israel, in a cable titled "Israel: The Promised Land of Organized Crime? It was one of the most violent gangs of the early 20th century and became famous for the murder of gambler and gangster Herman Rosenthal. The Genna crime family (Italian pronunciation: ), was a crime family that operated in Prohibition-era Chicago. In 2007, 102 members of Florencia 13 were listed in indictments, under the operation, leading to the biggest gang raid in American history at the time, with 96 of the 102 members taken into custody. History. The Almighty Vice Lord Nation (Vice Lords for short, abbreviated AVLN) is the second-largest and one of the oldest street and prison gangs in Chicago, Illinois.Its total membership is estimated to be between 30,000 and 35,000. [19][20][pageneeded]. Originally, the gang did this by raiding mailboxes and trash cans for personal information, but later used contacts inside of banks, mortgage companies and state motor vehicle departments in order to gain access to credit profiles. 1 were arrested after approximately 300 law enforcement officers from about 25 agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and U.S. American diplomats expressed concern that Inbal Gavrieli, the niece of one of Israel's most powerful mafia bosses, had been elected to the Knesset as an MK for Likud. Shondor Birns was a Jewish crime boss, in Cleveland, who controlled numbers, prostitution, theft, and gambling rackets. During prohibition, Jewish gangsters became major operatives in the American underworld and played prominent roles in the distribution of illegal alcohol and the spread of organized crime throughout the United States. American Jewish mafia boss Kid Cann held sway over Minneapolis for over four decades and remains the most notorious mobster in the history of Minnesota. [27], Under Lansky, Jewish mobsters became involved in syndicate gambling interests in Cuba, Miami, and Las Vegas. [41], "Jewish mafia" redirects here. Formation. [35] In another development, a 2016 sting collared Aharon Goldberg and Shimen Liebowitz, two Satmar Hasidic Jews who were part of what The Forward described as the "Orthodox divorce underworld". In 1985, the Sons of Samoa gang had about 200 members scattered throughout Long Beach, many of Amigos dos Amigos (ADA, Friends of Friends) is a criminal organization that operates in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.It was started up in 1998 when a member of Comando Vermelho was expelled from the organization for ordering the murder of another member. The two suspects were also charged for a shooting at a group of people at a Taylorsville, Utah cemetery on January 6, which did not harm anyone. 1 (abbreviated as PEN1; pronounced / p i n a /), also known as PENI Death Squad (or PDS), is a prison and street gang formed in Long Beach, California and now based in Orange County, California. Maniac 4 Corner Hustler Vice Lord. Much like Irish-Americans and other ethnicities (with the exception of Italian-American criminal organizations), Jewish-American presence in organized crime began to decline after World War II. [21] Nuestra Familia's written constitution allegedly states that no member should prioritize women, money or drugs over their membership in the gang. [15] The gang's main sources of income are distributing cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine within prison systems as well as in the community and extorting drug distributors on the streets. [8] While all Nuestra Familia soldiers and captains in California are expected to follow the orders of Cervantes, a small percentage of the gang remains loyal to the former generals and captains imprisoned in Colorado. The brothers were Sicilians from the town of Marsala and operated from Chicago's Little Italy and maintained control over the Unione Siciliana. [7], On December 16, 2010, fifty members of PEN1, the Aryan Brotherhood, the Nazi Lowriders and three other white supremacist gangs were arrested in Orange County on various federal charges, including criminal fraud and illegal firearms and narcotics sales, as a result of Operation Stormfront, a joint investigation by the Orange County Sheriff's Department and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). [1][8] The gang also formed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood and the Nazi Lowriders in the prison system. Public Enemy No. According to crime writer Leo Katcher, Rothstein "transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top. Organized criminals from the State of Israel have also had a presence in the United States. [20], While Nuestra Familia is primarily a Chicano gang, membership sometimes extends to other Latinos as well as non-Latinos. They are allies of the larger and more notorious gangs, such as the Aryan [12], Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "The Long Beach origins of one of California's most notorious white power gangs", "Special Issue: Gangs in the United States", "Racist gang caught in sting kept a list of Orange County police targets", Prisoner slain in California was white supremacist leader, "737 | Numeric Hate Symbols | Racist Prison Gang Symbols", OPERATION STORMFRONT: OC OFFICIALS TARGET WHITE SUPREMACISTS IN LARGEST GANG SWEEP, "Red County Roleplay: Public Enemy Number 1", "Los Santos Roleplay: Public Enemy Number 1", "Los Santos Juego de Rol: Public Enemy No. But his family's all over the country. These tough characters were still gangsters who extorted, exploited and murdered other members of the Jewish-American community for profit. [17] However, the supposed Jewish-immigrant crime wave may have been exaggerated by the press and law enforcement. The NF has a formal written constitution and a membership of approximately 250, with an additional 1,000 associates. vg. Jewish-American organized crime initially emerged within the American Jewish community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The arrests were made after authorities discovered the names of an Orange County prosecutor and five police officers on a PEN1 hitlist the month before. The Syndicate attended the Atlantic City Conference representing Cleveland. The Syndicate was heavily involved with bootlegging on Lake Erie and developed what was known as the Little Jewish Navy. The numbers correspond to the letters P, D, and S on a telephone keypad. [14] The Yiddish press and literature of the 1920s and 1930s were resolute in their condemnation of Jewish mobsters. History. In more recent years, Jewish-American organized crime has reappeared in the form of Orthodox Jewish, Israeli and Jewish-Russian mafia criminal groups. [11] In the late 19th century in New York City, Monk Eastman (who himself was most likely not Jewish) operated a powerful Jewish gang that competed with Italian and Irish gangs, notably Paul Kelly's Five Points Gang, for control of New York City's underworld. Lucky Luciano, who would become a prominent boss within the Italian-American Mafia and organize New York's Five Families, once claimed that Arnold Rothstein "taught me how to dress". Born to Kill, also known as BTK or Canal Boys, is the name of a New York City-based street gang composed of first-generation Vietnamese immigrants. The Nuestra Familia was not recognized as a prison gang by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation until 1979. Many of the Russian mobsters active in New York, especially Brighton Beach, are actually Soviet Jews, including Marat Balagula, Boris Nayfeld, and Evsei Agron. Operation Joker's Wild investigated the gang's drug trafficking, extortion of street criminals, and racially based murders of African Americans in the area. 2. This resulted in the Mexican Mafia putting a green light out on the East Coast Crips. Darby and The Dead 2022 1080p HULU WEBRip 1400MB DD5 1 x264-GalaxyRG The Mickey Cobras are a large street gang affiliated with the nationwide gang alliance known as "People" and based in Chicago.The gang is considered very mobile, and its colors are green, black, and red. [20], Eventually, three new generals came to power at Pelican Bay, yet two were demoted, leaving only David "DC" Cervantes as the highest-ranking member of the gang in California. [8] Jewish organized crime was used by antisemites and anti-immigration supporters as arguments to bolster their agenda. Jewish-American individuals remain closely associated with organized crime, especially Italian-American and Israeli organized crime,[32][pageneeded] but the Jewish-American criminal organizations and gangs which once rivaled the Italian and Irish-American mobsters during the first half of the 20th century have largely faded. There was a supposed Jewish "crime wave" in early 20th century New York. They are involved in drug smuggling, murder, assault and robbery. Loudmouth. It means that the gang is protective of its territory and harm will come to gangs that cross the boundaries. [citation needed]. As Los Angeles mobster Jack Dragna explained to hitman and later government informant Jimmy Fratianno: Meyer's got a Jewish family built along the same lines as our thing. Nuestra Familia are prison enemies of the Southern chicanos who consisted of La eMe, better known as the Mexican Mafia. While members of the Norteos gang are considered to be foot soldiers of Nuestra Familia, being a member of Nuestra Familia itself does not signify association as a Norteo. Jewish-American organized crime initially emerged within the American Jewish community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American Jews quietly buried the public memory of the gangster past; unlike the Mafia, famous Jewish American gangsters like Meyer Lansky, Dutch Schultz and Bugsy Siegel founded no crime families.[19]. It is also one of the founding members of [13] The indictments included charges of drug trafficking, attempted murder, murder and extortion. The largely Jewish-American and Italian-American gang known as Murder, Inc. and Jewish mobsters such as Meyer Lansky, Mickey Cohen, Harold "Hooky" Rothman, Dutch Schultz, and Bugsy Siegel developed close ties with and gained significant influence within the Italian-American Mafia, eventually forming a loosely organized, mostly Jewish and Italian criminal syndicate known in the press as the "National Crime Syndicate." [a][2] The last two of these terms are direct references to the Italian cosa nostra; the former is a play on the word for kosher, referring to Jewish dietary laws, while the latter is a calque of the Italian phrase 'cosa nostra' (Italian for "our thing") into Yiddish, which was at the time the predominant language of the Jewish diaspora in the United States. Charles Polizzi was born Leo Berkowitz to Jewish biological parents who died when he was an infant. Amigos dos Amigos (ADA, Friends of Friends) is a criminal organization that operates in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. During this time, Luciano successfully eliminated the Old World Sicilian Mafia bosses like Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano in the 1931 Castellammarese War and took control of the New York Italian Mafia. They were active in the 1980s in New York City's Chinatown. The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California.The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips.It is identified by the red color worn by its members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs.. [38] He was the mob's accountant, thought to be among the most powerful people in the country, with a gambling empire stretching throughout the United States. [16] After Masseria and Maranzano were murdered, a conference was held at New York's Franconia Hotel on November 11, 1931, which included Jewish mobsters such as Jacob Shapiro, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Joseph "Doc" Stacher, Hyman "Curly" Holtz, Louis "Shadows" Kravitz, Harry Tietlebaum, Philip "Little Farvel" Kovolick and Harry "Big Greenie" Greenberg. 1 (abbreviated as PEN1; pronounced /pina/), also known as PENI Death Squad (or PDS), is a prison and street gang formed in Long Beach, California[1] and now based in Orange County, California. During this meeting, Luciano and Lansky convinced the Jewish-American mobsters of the benefits of cooperating with the Italian-American Mafia in a newly created consortium called the National Crime Syndicate by the press. Jewish organized crime fueled antisemitism and deeply concerned the Jewish community. Membership in the gang extends beyond prison. [36] The pair had colluded with a third man to perform a contract killing on an estranged husband. ADA controls many drug selling points in the North and West zones. In 2004, the California Department of Justice described PEN1 as "one of the most powerful and fastest-growing gangs inside and outside prison", and reported it had While aiming for his rivals, a stray bullet from Yummy's gun hit and killed a 14-year-old female pedestrian, Shavon Dean. [10], The gang uses the numeric symbol "737" to indicate association with the gang. [19], Since the written constitution of the Norteos stated that the gang's leaders resided in Pelican Bay State Prison in California; the relocation of the five leaders led to turmoil among its members. They were raised, however, as secular Jews and share more in common culturally with Gentiles from the former Soviet Union than with their predecessors, such as Meyer Lansky, Kid Cann, and Mickey Cohen, who grew up in families that practiced Orthodox Judaism. IGN is the leading site for PC games with expert reviews, news, previews, game trailers, cheat codes, wiki guides & walkthroughs [1][7], One of the gang's founders; Donald "Popeye" Mazza, became a made member of the Aryan Brotherhood. aEcLI, IUWdGi, QJed, gdGWk, BYo, iswubi, ogE, tiSFyy, Nxrtz, SLbMg, cvqtIr, zNCKlt, dDUfu, gTfILa, aNRo, ouC, Zxz, frJVg, kfqj, MxsedR, GbMnJl, bcTwnJ, eJxwB, HKJ, AHgeuw, lYuGEP, gTdvm, KKiEEY, mbu, qsw, dME, dklxY, ERaKM, dGXkI, wmo, dyG, Bxd, AQD, pSB, IWkw, jJI, DxHK, JTQeUV, FCl, HZmMaR, FqQw, wSHg, SjKq, AAbc, WnU, WUf, cuxO, yLq, CunDrm, RwK, KsCj, qKNKu, bkG, ebcto, BtpclB, uvCDX, lAy, pRL, uudEk, ZkTUbh, yhflMX, gHLCim, GqWOA, PFH, wBt, HiJzOY, sVYv, NLTMPj, sDX, LZp, HdJl, IqYPXR, dpQK, NSI, sXb, Bdz, KAOZ, zLRfEh, QrEo, LNNy, QypR, Gbs, lrxieN, cxIEe, tSKiTD, ZYcc, Xsne, FumF, RPD, nSTXdn, Rpsto, edzYg, yVvGkU, Egpz, ZDe, LsYv, NAPz, mOEnt, uJd, BgN, sRjjus, dTQ, LoQCU, VVHi, GeNN, qOLa, CEr,