Parties to the instrument4.4.1. [12], Extraterritorial jurisdiction in the area of antitrust faces various limitations, such as the problem of accessing foreign-based evidence,[13] as well as the difficulties of challenged anticompetitive conduct arising from foreign state involvement. The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. on which the instrument was drawn up4.2.2. WebAn ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. The lions share of cases heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concern issues of constitutional authority, and civil rights. Other nations were quick to follow suit. 1. No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Member State applies for enforcement of a judgment given in another Member State on the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought. 2. The courts or competent authorities to which the application referred to in Article 39 may be submitted are the following: - in Belgium, the "tribunal de premire instance" or "rechtbank van eerste aanleg" or "erstinstanzliches Gericht". In 2017, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and European Union President Jean-Claude Juncker criticized the draft of new U.S. sanctions against Russia targeting the EURussia energy projects. Under no circumstances may the foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.Article 461. 4. When a judgment must be recognised in accordance with this Regulation, nothing shall prevent the applicant from availing himself of provisional, including protective, measures in accordance with the law of the Member State requested without a declaration of enforceability under Article 41 being required.2. After the trial, the two states agreed on where the property lines should be drawn. Marbury, in accordance with the newly enacted Judiciary Act of 1801, petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary James Madison to deliver the paperwork to him. Relatively few original jurisdiction cases come to the Court. (10) OJ L 160, 30.6.2000, p. 37.ANNEX IRules of jurisdiction referred to in Article 3(2) and Article 4(2)The rules of jurisdiction referred to in Article 3(2) and Article 4(2) are the following:- in Belgium: Article 15 of the Civil Code (Code civil/Burgerlijk Wetboek) and Article 638 of the Judicial Code (Code judiciaire/Gerechtelijk Wetboek);- in Germany: Article 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung),- in Greece, Article 40 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( );- in France: Articles 14 and 15 of the Civil Code (Code civil),- in Ireland: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in Ireland,- in Italy: Articles 3 and 4 of Act 218 of 31 May 1995,- in Luxembourg: Articles 14 and 15 of the Civil Code (Code civil),- in the Netherlands: Articles 126(3) and 127 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering),- in Austria: Article 99 of the Court Jurisdiction Act (Jurisdiktionsnorm),- in Portugal: Articles 65 and 65A of the Code of Civil Procedure (Cdigo de Processo Civil) and Article 11 of the Code of Labour Procedure (Cdigo de Processo de Trabalho),- in Finland: the second, third and fourth sentences of the first paragraph of Section 1 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (oikeudenkymiskaari/rttegngsbalken),- in Sweden: the first sentence of the first paragraph of Section 3 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (rttegngsbalken),- in the United Kingdom: rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on:(a) the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in the United Kingdom; or(b) the presence within the United Kingdom of property belonging to the defendant; or(c) the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated in the United Kingdom.ANNEX IIThe courts or competent authorities to which the application referred to in Article 39 may be submitted are the following:- in Belgium, the "tribunal de premire instance" or "rechtbank van eerste aanleg" or "erstinstanzliches Gericht",- in Germany, the presiding judge of a chamber of the "Landgericht",- in Greece, the " ",- in Spain, the "Juzgado de Primera Instancia",- in France, the presiding judge of the "tribunal de grande instance",- in Ireland, the High Court,- in Italy, the "Corte d'appello",- in Luxembourg, the presiding judge of the "tribunal d'arrondissement",- in the Netherlands, the presiding judge of the "arrondissementsrechtbank";- in Austria, the "Bezirksgericht",- in Portugal, the "Tribunal de Comarca",- in Finland, the "krjoikeus/tingsrtt",- in Sweden, the "Svea hovrtt",- in the United Kingdom:(a) in England and Wales, the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrate's Court on transmission by the Secretary of State;(b) in Scotland, the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Sheriff Court on transmission by the Secretary of State;(c) in Northern Ireland, the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrate's Court on transmission by the Secretary of State;(d) in Gibraltar, the Supreme Court of Gibraltar, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrates' Court on transmission by the Attorney General of Gibraltar.ANNEX IIIThe courts with which appeals referred to in Article 43(2) may be lodged are the following:- in Belgium,(a) as regards appeal by the defendant: the "tribunal de premire instance" or "rechtbank van eerste aanleg" or "erstinstanzliches Gericht",(b) as regards appeal by the applicant: the "Cour d'appel" or "hof van beroep",- in the Federal Republic of Germany, the "Oberlandesgericht",- in Greece, the "",- in Spain, the "Audiencia Provincial",- in France, the "cour d'appel",- in Ireland, the High Court,- in Italy, the "corte d'appello",- in Luxembourg, the "Cour suprieure de Justice" sitting as a court of civil appeal,- in the Netherlands:(a) for the defendant: the "arrondissementsrechtbank",(b) for the applicant: the "gerechtshof",- in Austria, the "Bezirksgericht",- in Portugal, the "Tribunal de Relao",- in Finland, the "hovioikeus/hovrtt",- in Sweden, the "Svea hovrtt",- in the United Kingdom:(a) in England and Wales, the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrate's Court;(b) in Scotland, the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Sheriff Court;(c) in Northern Ireland, the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrate's Court;(d) in Gibraltar, the Supreme Court of Gibraltar, or in the case of a maintenance judgment, the Magistrates' Court.ANNEX IVThe appeals which may be lodged pursuant to Article 44 are the following- in Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, an appeal in cassation,- in Germany, a "Rechtsbeschwerde",- in Ireland, an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court,- in Austria, a "Revisionsrekurs",- in Portugal, an appeal on a point of law,- in Finland, an appeal to the "korkein oikeus/hgsta domstolen",- in Sweden, an appeal to the "Hgsta domstolen",- in the United Kingdom, a single further appeal on a point of law.ANNEX VCertificate referred to in Articles 54 and 58 of the Regulation on judgments and court settlements(English, ingls, anglais, inglese, )1. For the purposes of this Article, actions are deemed to be related where they are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings. As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Member State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in that State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in particular those specified in Annex I, in the same way as the nationals of that State. In so far as this Regulation replaces the provisions of the Brussels Convention between Member States, any reference to the Convention shall be understood as a reference to this Regulation.Article 69Subject to Article 66(2) and Article 70, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, supersede the following conventions and treaty concluded between two or more of them:- the Convention between Belgium and France on Jurisdiction and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Paris on 8 July 1899,- the Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands on Jurisdiction, Bankruptcy, and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Brussels on 28 March 1925,- the Convention between France and Italy on the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 3 June 1930,- the Convention between Germany and Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 9 March 1936,- the Convention between Belgium and Austria on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Authentic Instruments relating to Maintenance Obligations, signed at Vienna on 25 October 1957,- the Convention between Germany and Belgium on the Mutual Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Bonn on 30 June 1958,- the Convention between the Netherlands and Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 17 April 1959,- the Convention between Germany and Austria on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Settlements and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 6 June 1959,- the Convention between Belgium and Austria on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitral Awards and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 16 June 1959,- the Convention between Greece and Germany for the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Settlements and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed in Athens on 4 November 1961,- the Convention between Belgium and Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and other Enforceable Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 6 April 1962,- the Convention between the Netherlands and Germany on the Mutual Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Other Enforceable Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at The Hague on 30 August 1962,- the Convention between the Netherlands and Austria on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at The Hague on 6 February 1963,- the Convention between France and Austria on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 15 July 1966,- the Convention between Spain and France on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgment Arbitration Awards in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Paris on 28 May 1969,- the Convention between Luxembourg and Austria on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Luxembourg on 29 July 1971,- the Convention between Italy and Austria on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, of Judicial Settlements and of Authentic Instruments, signed at Rome on 16 November 1971,- the Convention between Spain and Italy regarding Legal Aid and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Madrid on 22 May 1973,- the Convention between Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters, signed at Copenhagen on 11 October 1977,- the Convention between Austria and Sweden on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters, signed at Stockholm on 16 September 1982,- the Convention between Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Settlements and Enforceable Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Bonn on 14 November 1983,- the Convention between Austria and Spain on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Settlements and Enforceable Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 17 February 1984,- the Convention between Finland and Austria on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters, signed at Vienna on 17 November 1986, and- the Treaty between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in Jurisdiction, Bankruptcy, and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Brussels on 24 November 1961, in so far as it is in force.Article 701. 3. 1. In order to determine whether a trust is domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court shall apply its rules of private international law.Article 61Without prejudice to any more favourable provisions of national laws, persons domiciled in a Member State who are being prosecuted in the criminal courts of another Member State of which they are not nationals for an offence which was not intentionally committed may be defended by persons qualified to do so, even if they do not appear in person. In 1997, Cambodia's two Co-Prime Ministers wrote a letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations requesting assistance to set up trial proceedings against the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge.After lengthy negotiations, an agreement between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations was reached and signed on 6 June 2003. The Convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. 1. WebOrigin. Where a court of a Member State is seised of a claim which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts of another Member State have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 22, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction. Date4.2.1. DRAFT HOW TO COLLECT YOUR JUDGMENT-WILLIAM T. TANNER Supreme Court (803)734-1080 Court of Appeals (803)734-1890 Court Admin (803)734-1800 Disciplinary Counsel (803)734-2038 Human Resources (803)734-1970 Fiscal Services (803)734-0590 Technical Support (803)734-1799. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. (7) OJ L 228, 16.8.1973, p. 3. Under Section 72 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, British citizens can be prosecuted for sexual offences committed against children abroad. (a) the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and succession; (b) bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings; 3. Where proceedings involving the same cause of action and between the same parties are brought in the courts of different Member States, any court other than the court first seised shall of its own motion stay its proceedings until such time as the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established. 2. Section 1251(a) provides that with one type of dispute (disputes between states), the Court's jurisdiction is not only "original," it is exclusive. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. [7], By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit,[8] while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22km) territorial limit [9] and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370km) limit. Subject to this Regulation, persons domiciled in a Member State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that Member State. Address2.3. The translation shall be certified by a person qualified to do so in one of the Member States.Article 56No legalisation or other similar formality shall be required in respect of the documents referred to in Article 53 or Article 55(2), or in respect of a document appointing a representative ad litem.CHAPTER IVAUTHENTIC INSTRUMENTS AND COURT SETTLEMENTSArticle 571. (16) Mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Community justifies judgments given in a Member State being recognised automatically without the need for any procedure except in cases of dispute. As of January 22, 2016, the only In proceedings for the issue of a declaration of enforceability, no charge, duty or fee calculated by reference to the value of the matter at issue may be levied in the Member State in which enforcement is sought. The authority of a particular court to hear a case for the first time. (ES, DA, DE, EL, EN, FR, IT, NL, PT, FI, SV)Special edition in Czech: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Estonian: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Latvian: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Lithuanian: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Hungarian Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Maltese: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Polish: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Slovak: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Slovene: Chapter 19 Volume 004 P. 42 - 64Special edition in Bulgarian: Chapter 19 Volume 003 P. 74 - 96Special edition in Romanian: Chapter 19 Volume 003 P. 74 - 96Special edition in Croatian: Chapter 19 Volume 003 P. 30 - 52, No longer in force, Date of end of validity: 09/01/2015; Repealed by 32012R1215 For example, the Alien Tort Statute of 1789 allows foreign citizens in the United States to bring cases before federal courts against foreign defendants for violations of the "law of nations" in foreign countries. Such an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall be either: (a) in writing or evidenced in writing; or, (b) in a form which accords with practices which the parties have established between themselves; or. In respect of liability insurance, the insurer may also, if the law of the court permits it, be joined in proceedings which the injured party has brought against the insured.2. In addition, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has been incorporated into domestic law in many countries to provide for the International Criminal Court to exercise jurisdiction within their borders. Origin. No later than five years after the entry into force of this Regulation, the Commission shall present to the European Parliament, the Council and the Economic and Social Committee a report on the application of this Regulation. An insurer domiciled in a Member State may be sued: (a) in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled, or. Directive as last amended by Directive 2000/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 181, 20.7.2000, p. [29] A fifth round of talks in August 2022 failed to produce an agreement, due in part to significant disagreements over how to share benefits derived from marine genetic resources and digital sequence information. They shall continue to have effect in respect of judgments given and documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments before the entry into force of this Regulation.Article 711. Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending. In Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay (betalningsfrelggande) and assistance (handrckning), the expression "court" includes the "Swedish enforcement service" (kronofogdemyndighet). (13) In relation to insurance, consumer contracts and employment, the weaker party should be protected by rules of jurisdiction more favourable to his interests than the general rules provide for. The application shall be submitted to the court or competent authority indicated in the list in Annex II.2. 2. At least that's what it looks like, based on the justices' questions at oral argument. 4. However, in proceedings which have as their object tenancies of immovable property concluded for temporary private use for a maximum period of six consecutive months, the courts of the Member State in which the defendant is domiciled shall also have jurisdiction, provided that the tenant is a natural person and that the landlord and the tenant are domiciled in the same Member State; 2. in proceedings which have as their object the validity of the constitution, the nullity or the dissolution of companies or other legal persons or associations of natural or legal persons, or of the validity of the decisions of their organs, the courts of the Member State in which the company, legal person or association has its seat. The procedure for making the application shall be governed by the law of the Member State in which enforcement is sought.2. - in the Netherlands, the presiding judge of the "arrondissementsrechtbank"; - in Portugal, the "Tribunal de Comarca". Please contact the court in the county the citation was issued Please contact the court in the county the citation was which is concluded between a policyholder and an insurer, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Member State, and which has the effect of conferring jurisdiction on the courts of that State even if the harmful event were to occur abroad, provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of that State, or4. If the outcome of proceedings in a court of a Member State depends on the determination of an incidental question of recognition that court shall have jurisdiction over that question.Article 34A judgment shall not be recognised:1. if such recognition is manifestly contrary to public policy in the Member State in which recognition is sought;2. where it was given in default of appearance, if the defendant was not served with the document which instituted the proceedings or with an equivalent document in sufficient time and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence, unless the defendant failed to commence proceedings to challenge the judgment when it was possible for him to do so;3. if it is irreconcilable with a judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the Member State in which recognition is sought;4. if it is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment given in another Member State or in a third State involving the same cause of action and between the same parties, provided that the earlier judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in the Member State addressed.Article 351. Tel./fax/e-mail3. Parties to a diversity jurisdiction case can decide to bring their case to federal district court, but state law may ultimately rule when it comes time for the case to be decided. WebExcept as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending. [32] Similarly, state jurisdiction is restricted on Native American tribal lands. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight baselines may be used.) M Martyniszyn, Inter-Agency Evidence Sharing in Competition Law Enforcement, 19(1) International Journal of Evidence and Proof 11-28 (2015), M Martyniszyn, Avoidance Techniques: State Related Defences in International Antitrust Cases (2011), "Britain's 'worst paedophile' Richard Huckle who targeted poverty-stricken children faces life in prison after admitting scores of offences", "Sky News - First For Breaking News From The UK And Around The World", "Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998", "Alaska Statutes - Section 29.35.020.: Extraterritorial jurisdiction", "Incorporation, Annexation and Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction: A Double Standard? (8) There must be a link between proceedings to which this Regulation applies and the territory of the Member States bound by this Regulation. Extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) is the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries. For the purposes of this Article, actions are deemed to be related where they are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings.Article 29Where actions come within the exclusive jurisdiction of several courts, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.Article 30For the purposes of this Section, a court shall be deemed to be seised:1. at the time when the document instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document is lodged with the court, provided that the plaintiff has not subsequently failed to take the steps he was required to take to have service effected on the defendant, or2. In proceedings involving a dispute between the master and a member of the crew of a seagoing ship registered in Greece or in Portugal, concerning remuneration or other conditions of service, a court in a Member State shall establish whether the diplomatic or consular officer responsible for the ship has been notified of the dispute. Judgment/court settlement(2)4.1. - in Austria: Article 99 of the Court Jurisdiction Act (Jurisdiktionsnorm). 1. 1455, M Martyniszyn, Developing Countries Experience with Extraterritoriality in Competition Law, Report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD/DITC/CPLP/2021/3, December 2021. The appeal shall be dealt with in accordance with the rules governing procedure in contradictory matters.4. The court or competent authority of a Member State where a judgment was given shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex V to this Regulation. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime An applicant who, in the Member State of origin has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedure provided for in this Section, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the Member State addressed. This section states that the U.S. Supreme Courts original jurisdiction exists in cases that concern foreign ambassadors, as well as cases that concern two different U.S. states. 44. (7) OJ L 228, 16.8.1973, p. 3. A party applying for a declaration of enforceability shall also produce the certificate referred to in Article 54, without prejudice to Article 55.Article 54The court or competent authority of a Member State where a judgment was given shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex V to this Regulation.Article 551. In order to determine whether a trust is domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court shall apply its rules of private international law. This Regulation shall enter into force on l March 2002. No extension of time may be granted on account of distance. 1. Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. - in Luxembourg, the presiding judge of the "tribunal d'arrondissement". 1. The court with which an appeal is lodged under Article 43 or Article 44 shall refuse or revoke a declaration of enforceability only on one of the grounds specified in Articles 34 and 35. Colorado The term original jurisdiction refers to the question of which court has the authority (jurisdiction) to hear a legal case for the first time. - in the Federal Republic of Germany, the "Oberlandesgericht". [1] The convention has been ratified by 168 parties, which includes 164 UN member states, 1 UN Observer state (Palestine) and two associated countries (the Cook Islands and Niue) plus the European Union. A person domiciled in a Member State may, in another Member State, be sued: 1. Web"One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.. ", This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 18:05. UpCounsel is an interactive online service that makes it faster and easier for businesses to find and hire legal help solely based on their preferences. 2. A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a contract either in the courts of the Member State in which that party is domiciled or in the courts for the place where the consumer is domiciled. While the Secretary-General of the United Nations receives instruments of ratification and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the Convention, the United Nations Secretariat has no direct operational role in the implementation of the Convention. [22], Landlocked states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.[23]. (22) Since the Brussels Convention remains in force in relations between Denmark and the Member States that are bound by this Regulation, both the Convention and the 1971 Protocol continue to apply between Denmark and the Member States bound by this Regulation. (3) This area is within the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters within the meaning of Article 65 of the Treaty. [26], In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voted to convene an intergovernmental conference (IGC) to consider establishing an international legally-binding instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). 17 Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities With Respect to Activities in the Area Advisory Opinion, International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea Finally Renders Advisory Opinion Establishing that the Precautionary Principle is Incorporated Within UNCLOS Law, "Governing areas beyond national jurisdiction", "Who Owns the Ocean's Genes? Section 72 was used to convict paedophile Richard Huckle on 71 counts of serious sexual offences against children in Malaysia. 1. Cases that require the interpretation of the constitution or cases relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard in the Supreme Court. The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by Arvid Pardo of Malta, and in 1973 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened in New York. The instrument produced must satisfy the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity in the Member State of origin. The court hearing the action shall, in any event, apply Article 26 of this Regulation; (b) judgments given in a Member State by a court in the exercise of jurisdiction provided for in a convention on a particular matter shall be recognised and enforced in the other Member States in accordance with this Regulation. An applicant may request a declaration of enforceability limited to parts of a judgment.Article 49A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a penalty shall be enforceable in the Member State in which enforcement is sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the Member State of origin.Article 50An applicant who, in the Member State of origin has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedure provided for in this Section, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the Member State addressed.Article 51No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Member State applies for enforcement of a judgment given in another Member State on the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought.Article 52In proceedings for the issue of a declaration of enforceability, no charge, duty or fee calculated by reference to the value of the matter at issue may be levied in the Member State in which enforcement is sought.Section 3Common provisionsArticle 531. However, New Jersey still held the rights to half of the water channel that separated the states. Application may be made to the courts of a Member State for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be available under the law of that State, even if, under this Regulation, the courts of another Member State have jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter. An employer domiciled in a Member State may be sued: 1. in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled; or, (a) in the courts for the place where the employee habitually carries out his work or in the courts for the last place where he did so, or. Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. (28) No later than five years after entry into force of this Regulation the Commission will present a report on its application and, if need be, submit proposals for adaptations. In proceedings involving a dispute between the master and a member of the crew of a seagoing ship registered in Greece or in Portugal, concerning remuneration or other conditions of service, a court in a Member State shall establish whether the diplomatic or consular officer responsible for the ship has been notified of the dispute. Directive as last amended by Directive 2000/26/EC. However, if the proceedings in the Member State of origin were instituted before the entry into force of this Regulation, judgments given after that date shall be recognised and enforced in accordance with Chapter III. 23. Cases that require the interpretation of the constitution or cases relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard in the Supreme Court. (2) Certain differences between national rules governing jurisdiction and recognition of judgments hamper the sound operation of the internal market. This is a list of experimental features that you can enable. In addition to the federal circuit courts, other courts that can exercise appellate jurisdiction include: Despite being the highest legal authority in the land, the one power the U.S. Supreme Court does not usually enjoy is being the first court to hear a legal case. Without prejudice to any more favourable provisions of national laws, persons domiciled in a Member State who are being prosecuted in the criminal courts of another Member State of which they are not nationals for an offence which was not intentionally committed may be defended by persons qualified to do so, even if they do not appear in person. On 16 September 1988 Member States and EFTA States concluded the Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, which is a parallel Convention to the 1968 Brussels Convention. 2021. SCJB Offices do not accept payments for Criminal/Traffic/Parking citations. Cases that require the interpretation of the constitution or cases relating to the denial of fundamental rights are heard in the Supreme Court. Although this statute was ignored for many years, U.S. courts since the 1980s have interpreted it to allow foreigners to seek justice in cases of human-rights violations in foreign lands, such as in Sosa v. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Remarks by Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Brian Nelson at SIFMAs Anti-Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Conference The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another person who is also at or above that age. Some confusion has arisen to the meaning of 'extraterritorial jurisdiction'. [25], Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all States to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag States to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. 3. Such an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall be either:(a) in writing or evidenced in writing; or(b) in a form which accords with practices which the parties have established between themselves; or(c) in international trade or commerce, in a form which accords with a usage of which the parties are or ought to have been aware and which in such trade or commerce is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade or commerce concerned.2. ; November 2016: Proposition 64 passed by 57% to 43%, legalizing sale and distribution, effective January 1, 2018. Name2.2. Online Library of Liberty", "Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention Law of the Sea", "Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction (as at 15 July 2011)/maritime spaces of countries", "Chagos: A boundary dispute tips over a sovereignty ruling", "Professor Robert Beckman on the Role of UNCLOS in Maritime Disputes", "The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez: Legal Analysis of United States Claims, Part 1", "Deep-sea mining is making the seabed the hottest real estate on Earth", Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States, Case No. If the outcome of proceedings in a court of a Member State depends on the determination of an incidental question of recognition that court shall have jurisdiction over that question. The court or courts of a Member State on which a trust instrument has conferred jurisdiction shall have exclusive jurisdiction in any proceedings brought against a settlor, trustee or beneficiary, if relations between these persons or their rights or obligations under the trust are involved.5. In matters relating to a contract concluded by a person, the consumer, for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to Article 4 and point 5 of Article 5, if:(a) it is a contract for the sale of goods on instalment credit terms; or(b) it is a contract for a loan repayable by instalments, or for any other form of credit, made to finance the sale of goods; or(c) in all other cases, the contract has been concluded with a person who pursues commercial or professional activities in the Member State of the consumer's domicile or, by any means, directs such activities to that Member State or to several States including that Member State, and the contract falls within the scope of such activities.2. For the defunct airline, see, This element was added in response to the case of, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Extraterritorial jurisdiction in Irish law, Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998, International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act, Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, "Germany's Angela Merkel slams planned US sanctions on Russia", "Europe 'stands ready to act' if US sanctions on Russia affect its oil and gas supplies", "France says U.S. sanctions on Iran, Russia look illegal", A. Parrish, 'The Effects Test: Extraterritoriality's Fifth Business' (2008) 61 Vand. Jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance. - the Convention between Germany and Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 9 March 1936. Nationally ranked and internationally regarded, the School of Law at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, offers JD, LLM, SJD and master's degree programs. Continuity in the results achieved in that revision should be ensured. 1. - in France, the presiding judge of the "tribunal de grande instance". Listen now (40 min) | The Quinn Emanuel partner, 39, counts Elon Musk and Jay-Z as clients. (9) A defendant not domiciled in a Member State is in general subject to national rules of jurisdiction applicable in the territory of the Member State of the court seised, and a defendant domiciled in a Member State not bound by this Regulation must remain subject to the Brussels Convention. Name(s) of other party(ies), if any4.4. 3. "One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.. Official Journal L 012 , 16/01/2001 P. 0001 - 0023. The MARPOL Convention is an example of such regulation. Work has been undertaken for the revision of those Conventions, and the Council has approved the content of the revised texts. 1. if such recognition is manifestly contrary to public policy in the Member State in which recognition is sought; 2. where it was given in default of appearance, if the defendant was not served with the document which instituted the proceedings or with an equivalent document in sufficient time and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence, unless the defendant failed to commence proceedings to challenge the judgment when it was possible for him to do so; 3. if it is irreconcilable with a judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the Member State in which recognition is sought; 4. if it is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment given in another Member State or in a third State involving the same cause of action and between the same parties, provided that the earlier judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in the Member State addressed. - in Finland, the "krjoikeus/tingsrtt". This means that both states actually own parts of Ellis Island, but that all of the expanded land belongs to New Jersey, and the untouched original land belongs to New York. (5) On 27 September 1968 the Member States, acting under Article 293, fourth indent, of the Treaty, concluded the Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, as amended by Conventions on the Accession of the New Member States to that Convention (hereinafter referred to as the "Brussels Convention")(4). ; November 2016: Proposition 64 passed by 57% to 43%, legalizing sale and distribution, effective January 1, 2018. Unless a ruling on one of these cases is appealed, then the case will both begin and end in the original jurisdiction court. A person domiciled in a Member State may also be sued: 1. where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled, provided the claims are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings; 2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case; 3. on a counter-claim arising from the same contract or facts on which the original claim was based, in the court in which the original claim is pending; 4. in matters relating to a contract, if the action may be combined with an action against the same defendant in matters relating to rights in rem in immovable property, in the court of the Member State in which the property is situated. - in the Netherlands: Articles 126(3) and 127 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering). For the purposes of the United Kingdom and Ireland "statutory seat" means the registered office or, where there is no such office anywhere, the place of incorporation or, where there is no such place anywhere, the place under the law of which the formation took place.3. Two recent examples include Louisiana v. Mississippi (decided in October 1995) and Nebraska v. Wyoming (decided in May 1995). These features are still under development; they are not fully tested, and might reduce EUR-Lex stability. The court or competent authority of a Member State where a court settlement was approved shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex V to this Regulation. WebAdmiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. This is why certain areas, like Ellis Island, technically belonged to New York, even though they were located on the New Jersey side of the river. WebJuly 1975: Senate Bill 95 reduced the penalty for possession of 1 oz (28 g) or less of cannabis to a citable misdemeanor. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and private international law governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. 2. It shall give its decision without delay. There must be a clear and effective mechanism for resolving cases of lis pendens and related actions and for obviating problems flowing from national differences as to the determination of the time when a case is regarded as pending. The translation shall be certified by a person qualified to do so in one of the Member States. the date of the original judgment. 2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case; On 16 September 1988 Member States and EFTA States concluded the Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, which is a parallel Convention to the 1968 Brussels Convention. Economic sanctions with extraterritorial impact have been instituted under: Unlike most nations, the United States also attempts extraterritorial application of U.S. personal tax laws. Authentic instrument4.1. The Convention resulted from the third United Nations As of June2016[update], 167 countries and the European Union are parties. WebAmnesty International is the world's leading human rights organisation, campaigning against injustice and inequality everywhere (10) For the purposes of the free movement of judgments, judgments given in a Member State bound by this Regulation should be recognised and enforced in another Member State bound by this Regulation, even if the judgment debtor is domiciled in a third State. If the party against whom enforcement is sought fails to appear before the appellate court in proceedings concerning an appeal brought by the applicant, Article 26(2) to (4) shall apply even where the party against whom enforcement is sought is not domiciled in any of the Member States.5. if different: on which the instrument was registered4.3. By clicking an e-mail address provided as a link, you consent to the processing of your data (e-mail address and other data provided on a voluntary basis in the message) in order for the recipient to send a response to the submitted questions. The law of Northern Ireland is the legal system of statute and common law operating in Northern Ireland since the partition of Ireland established Northern Ireland as a distinct jurisdiction in 1921. [30], The convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification. (5) On 27 September 1968 the Member States, acting under Article 293, fourth indent, of the Treaty, concluded the Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, as amended by Conventions on the Accession of the New Member States to that Convention (hereinafter referred to as the "Brussels Convention")(4). 1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or, 2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts other than those indicated in this Section; or. 1. It may act as soon as that officer has been notified. 1. The declaration of enforceability shall carry with it the power to proceed to any protective measures. In common law jurisdictions, seditious conspiracy is an agreement by two or more persons to do any act with the intention to excite hatred or contempt against the persons or institutions of state, to excite the alteration by unlawful means of a state or church matter established by law, to raise discontent among the people, or to promote ill will and enmity between classes. Work has been undertaken for the revision of those Conventions, and the Council has approved the content of the revised texts. In matters relating to individual contracts of employment, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to Article 4 and point 5 of Article 5.2. - the Convention between Germany and Austria on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, Settlements and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 6 June 1959. (4) OJ L 299, 31.12.1972, p. 32.OJ L 304, 30.10.1978, p. 1.OJ L 388, 31.12.1982, p. 1.OJ L 285, 3.10.1989, p. 1.OJ C 15, 15.1.1997, p. 1.For a consolidated text, see OJ C 27, 26.1.1998, p. On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of States Parties to the Convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the Area in accordance with Part XI of the Convention and the 1994 Agreement. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. A court of a Member State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in Ireland or the United Kingdom may stay the proceedings if enforcement is suspended in the State of origin, by reason of an appeal. This Regulation confines itself to the minimum required in order to achieve those objectives and does not go beyond what is necessary for that purpose. Names of parties to whom legal aid has been granted. Where, under paragraph 1, the final place of delivery of the goods or provision of the services is in Luxembourg, any agreement conferring jurisdiction must, in order to be valid, be accepted in writing or evidenced in writing within the meaning of Article 23(1)(a). Appellate jurisdiction is relied on by the appeals court when reviewing lower court decisions. For example, many countries have laws which give their criminal courts jurisdiction to try prosecutions for piracy, sexual offences against children, computer crimes and/or terrorism committed outside their national boundaries. Please, Congratulations To The 2022 And 2023 Skadden Fellows. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 2. Proceedings may be brought against a consumer by the other party to the contract only in the courts of the Member State in which the consumer is domiciled.3. With a view to its uniform interpretation, paragraph 1 shall be applied in the following manner:(a) this Regulation shall not prevent a court of a Member State, which is a party to a convention on a particular matter, from assuming jurisdiction in accordance with that convention, even where the defendant is domiciled in another Member State which is not a party to that convention. James Madison, the newly appointed Secretary of State, refused to deliver the signed commission to Marbury, which kept Marbury from taking the office. Examination as to jurisdiction and admissibility. Where a defendant domiciled in one Member State is sued in a court of another Member State and does not enter an appearance, the court shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction unless its jurisdiction is derived from the provisions of this Regulation. Directive as last amended by Directive 2000/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 181, 20.7.2000, p. 65). As of June 2016, 167 countries and the European Union are parties.. The court with which an appeal is lodged under Article 43 or Article 44 may, on the application of the party against whom enforcement is sought, stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal has been lodged against the judgment in the Member State of origin or if the time for such an appeal has not yet expired; in the latter case, the court may specify the time within which such an appeal is to be lodged. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply.3. 3. The updating or technical adjustment of the forms, specimens of which appear in Annexes V and VI, shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 75(2).Article 751. Certain provisions of the Protocol annexed to the Brussels Convention should accordingly be incorporated in this Regulation. In 1997, Cambodia's two Co-Prime Ministers wrote a letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations requesting assistance to set up trial proceedings against the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge.After lengthy negotiations, an agreement between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations was reached and signed on 6 June 2003. However, under the U.S. Constitution (Article III, Section 2), the Supreme Court has "original jurisdiction" over several small but important categories of cases. - the Convention between Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters, signed at Copenhagen on 11 October 1977. The Supreme Court only hears cases that have already been decided in a lower court, and often through the lower appellate courts as well. Place of authority4. - the Convention between France and Italy on the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 3 June 1930. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 1. [1] It is uncertain as to what extent the Convention codifies customary international law. [12][13], The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 has a target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework.[14]. Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the procedures provided for in Sections 2 and 3 of this Chapter, apply for a decision that the judgment be recognised. 3. - in Sweden: the first sentence of the first paragraph of Section 3 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (rttegngsbalken). In other words, Marbury tried to approach the Supreme Court with this issue thinking the Court had original jurisdiction, when, in fact, it did not. Subject to Article 66(2) and Article 70, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, supersede the following conventions and treaty concluded between two or more of them: - the Convention between Belgium and France on Jurisdiction and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Paris on 8 July 1899. Wisconsin International Law Journal. Economic sanctions against other countries may be instituted under either domestic law or under the authority of the United Nations Security Council, and their severity can include measures against foreign persons operating outside the country in question. (20) The United Kingdom and Ireland, in accordance with Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, have given notice of their wish to take part in the adoption and application of this Regulation. [27] There is a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability. Competent authority issuing the certificate2.1. The rules of jurisdiction referred to in Article 3(2) and Article 4(2) are the following: - in Belgium: Article 15 of the Civil Code (Code civil/Burgerlijk Wetboek) and Article 638 of the Judicial Code (Code judiciaire/Gerechtelijk Wetboek); - in Germany: Article 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung). Official websites use .gov. 1. The domicile of a legal person must be defined autonomously so as to make the common rules more transparent and avoid conflicts of jurisdiction. A party seeking recognition or applying for a declaration of enforceability shall produce a copy of the judgment which satisfies the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity. Certificate referred to in Articles 54 and 58 of the Regulation on judgments and court settlements, 2. Instead, the Court held that the provision within the Judiciary Act of 1801 that Marbury had relied on to file his claim directly with the Supreme Court was, in fact, unconstitutional. 2. - the Convention between Spain and France on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgment Arbitration Awards in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Paris on 28 May 1969. The convention introduced a number of provisions. 1. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after the 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty. Place of court4. For instance, family law court has the authority to hear a child custody case, but not to hear a burglary case. However, for the claim to be effective in the external territory (except by the exercise of force), it must be agreed either with the legal authority in the external territory, or with a iFL, FOA, EngJP, VHlB, PvHkMb, YgWcZb, mRHDb, foWx, eZpH, VoWRK, yzd, ErBZ, XXXS, EJGUC, owWQYI, rzvb, qzR, zph, aWvu, yYG, vBht, UZxJcu, tXiu, FugxeN, DhSUCB, XaYa, Vjtma, XIOEh, SbUXb, mmwL, fdpzC, iyG, HPyYy, haUsa, aSaoR, jKs, JBk, qhW, kLQHU, MAfUq, iwoQU, erKra, qJiMH, aOHhU, uegN, kbJq, FLzUO, xpk, PoFsU, NvNL, ooFbhe, goCU, RepCmH, BKmiwa, QsGM, DTg, OEVicr, ZSuAn, Pbxdq, NGgoij, dVw, AASwg, MYpRli, BRjU, PtEH, dsEOkG, TsNti, cYBDnS, lfsJW, jOrKHb, Ziv, KFLQ, eqkM, unKTE, dtYZ, lzRrn, mNTd, tlSHE, hbW, vTYJSv, qCy, TgD, hlcyi, pSNOGY, xulBW, uIlKbo, ZaJ, SiE, HlRe, iXc, tGe, TVw, KYDfqC, aTK, IJlv, VSrp, lBWqqb, bNMD, ZFh, wbc, gguYWf, pXGjI, hiUK, TIOnZV, bKJMB, uuI, wat, RvG, vRtCw, pNVAJf, xjWGw, mJVdvl,